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Irritable Bowel Syndrome ( IBS)

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional disorder of the digestive system that mainly affect the large intestine (colon). It does not cause structural damage but leads to a group of symptoms that often come and go.  Causes The exact cause is not clear, but factors include:  1. Abnormal gut motility ( too fast or too slow movements of the intestine). 2. Increased gut sensitivity ( Visceral hypersensitivity) 3. Stress , Anxiety , Depression. 4. Food Intolerance ( e.g. dairy , gluten, fatty foods). 5. Hormonal Changes ( more common in women) 6. Post - Infection changes ( after severe Gastroenteritis). Types of IBS 1. IBS - C : Constipation predominant  2. IBS -D : Diarrhoea - Predominant  3. IBS - M : Alternating diarrhoea and Constipation). 4. IBS - U : Unclassified. Symptoms  1. Abdominal Pain or Cramping  (relieved by passing stool and gas). 2. Altered Bowel habits : Constipation , diarrhoea or both. 3. Bloating and Gas. 4. Mucus in stool. 5. ...

Sinusitis

Sinusitis is the Inflammation and swelling of the tissue lining the sinuses. It can be caused by various factor such as viral infection , bacterial infections,or structural issues  like nasal polyp and deviated septum.  Types of Sinusitis 1.Acute Sinusitis : Typically caused by a bacterial infection following a viral upper respiratory tract infection. 2. Subacute Sinusitis : Lasting longer than acute sinusitis but not as long as chronic sinusitis , usually between 4 to 12 week. 3. Chronic Sinusitis. Lasting for 12 week or longer often associated with persistent inflammation rather than infection.  4. Recurrent sinusitis : Multiple episode of acute sinusitis with in a year.  Symptoms 1. Facial pain , pressure and tenderness especially around the forehead, cheek , nose and eyes. 2. Nasal congestion or Stuffiness. making it difficult , to breath through the nose. 3. Discolored nasal discharge, (Yellow or Green), Which may be Thick or Thin. 4. Postnasal drip, where the m...

VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY

Vitamin B12 deficiency can be caused by various factors , including : 1. Inadequate dietary intake : Not consuming enough food rich in Vitamin B12 , such as meat , fish , eggs and dietary products. 2 . Poor absorption : Condition like pernicious anemia , Atrophic gastritis, celiac disease , crohn's diseases or surgeries that affect the stomach or intestines can impair the absorption of vitamin B12. 3.Lack of intrinsic factors : Intrinsic factor is a protein produced by stomach that's necessary for the absorption of Vitamin B12. Condition like pernicious anemia can cause deficiency of intrinsic factor. 4. Certain medication: like protein pump inhibitors or metformin can interfere with the absorption of Vitamin B12. 5. Aging : As people age increases , their ability to absorb vitamin B12 decreases. Symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency: 1. Fatigue and weakness : Feeling tired and weak, even with adequate rest. 2. Anemia: A deficiency in red blood cells can leads to symptoms such as ...

DERMATOPHYTOSIS

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Dermatophytosis , commonly known as ringworm, is a fungal infection of the skin , hair or nails. It's is caused by various species of fungi called dermatophytes. These fungi Thrive in warm moist environment and can me transmitted through direct contact with infected humans or animals , as well as contaminated objects like towels, combs or clothing.   Types 1.Tinea corporis : Affects the skin of the body. 2.Tinea pedis : Affects the feet  3.Tinea cruris : Affects the groin area ( Jock skin) 4.Tinea capitis: Affects the scalp 5. Tinea unguium : Affects the nail Symptoms Dermatophytosis typically present with  red scaly patches on the skin that may be itchy and painful. The affected area often has a distict border and can appear anywhere on the body, including the scalp , feets, groin or nails. Prevention 1. Practice good hygiene : Keep skin clean  and dry, especially in areas prone to sweating. 2. Avoid Sharing Personal items : Do not share towel, comb , or clothi...

Hemorrhoids/Piles

 Definition Hemorrhoids also known as piles, are swollen veins located around the rectum or in the lower part of the rectum or anus. They can cause discomfort, bleeding and pain, especially during bowel movement. Types : There are two main types of Hemorrhoids 1. Internal Hemorrhoids: These occurs inside the rectum, so you typically can't see or feel them. They may bleed during bowel movements. 2. External Hemorrhoids: These are under the skin around the anus, where there are may more pain, sensing nerve , so they tend to hurt as well as bleed. Level Hemorrhoids are Categorised into  four grades based on the severity: 1.Grade 1: Hemorrhoids that bleed but do not prolapse. 2. Grade 2 : Hemorrhoids that prolapse ( protrude out) during a bowel movement and retract spontaneously. 3. Grade 3 : Hemorrhoids that prolapse (Protrude out) during a bowel movement and retract spontaneously. 4. Grade 4 : Hemorrhoids that are always prolapsed. Causes : 1. Straining during bowel movements: T...

Fatty Liver

Fatty liver disease,  also known as hepatic steatosis, is a condition characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver cells. It can be caused by various factors, including : 1.Non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) : This is the most common form of the fatty liver disease and is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, high blood sugar levels, High cholesterol , and metabolic syndromes. 2. Alcoholic fatty liver disease: Excessive Alcohol consumption can leads to the deposition of fat in the liver, resulting in fatty liver disease.  Causes: 1.Alcohol Consumption : Excessive Alcohol intake is a common cause of fatty liver, known as alcoholic fatty liver disease. 2. Obesity : Being overweight or obese is a significant risk factors for developing fatty liver.  3.Insulin resistance: Insulin resistance and diabetes: People with insulin resistance and or type 2 diabetes are more prone to developing fatty liver. 4. High Cholesterol and triglycerides levels : Elevated...

Xylazine

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Xylazine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs know as alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. It is primarily used as a veterinary sedative and analgesic ( pain reliever) in animals ,particularly in horses and other large animals. Xylazine is also sometimes used in combination with other drugs for anesthesia induction, muscle relaxation ,or for sedation during diagnostic and surgical procedures.  In veterinary medicine , xylazine is often used to calm and restrain animals, facilitate minor surgical procedures, or as a pre -anesthetic agent before general anesthesia.  It has sedative, analgesic and muscle relaxant properties. Xylazine work by binding to and activating alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the central nervous system, which leads to a reduction in sympathetic outflow, resulting in sedation and analgesia. It is important to note that xylazine is not approved for use in humans and should never be used without proper veterinary supervision. The dosage and administration o...